PD Dr. Spyridon N. Papageorgiou, MSc
Senior Teaching and Research Assistant (Oberarzt)
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Clinical Specialisations
Orthodontics
Research Interests
Spyros Papageorgiou’s main scientific interests encompass biological and mechanical aspects of orthodontic treatment, giving emphasis in improving treatment outcome and reducing treatment duration and side-effects. His focus is on evidence-based orthodontics founded on systematic reviews with conventional meta-analysis or network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, clinical trials assessing the comparative effectiveness or adverse effects of different orthodontic treatment modalities, factors influencing the length and outcome of orthodontic treatment, sources of bias in clinical research in orthodontics, optimization of treatment mechanics to enhance their efficiency by investigating clinical scenarios with numerical (finite element) simulations, and the effect of health and systematic diseases on the biology of orthodontic tooth movement.
Selected publications
Papageorgiou SN, Zogakis IP, Papadopoulos MA. Failure rates and associated risk factors of orthodontic miniscrew implants: A meta-analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012;11:577-595.e7.
Papageorgiou SN, Xavier GM, Cobourne MT. Basic study design influences treatment effect when undertaking clinical orthodontic investigations. J Clin Epidemiol 2015;68:1512-1522.
Papageorgiou SN, Papageorgiou PN, Deschner J, Götz W. Comparative effectiveness of natural and synthetic bone grafts in oral and maxillofacial surgery prior to insertion of dental implants: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of parallel and cluster randomized controlled trials. J Dent 2016;48:1-8.
DiBiase A, Woodhouse NR, Papageorgiou SN, Slipper C, Grant J, Alsaleh M, Cobourne MT. Effect of supplemental vibrational force on orthodontically-induced inflammatory root resorption - a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 2016;150:918-927.
Papageorgiou SN, Sifakakis I, Keilig L, Affolter S, Patcas R, Eliades T, Bourauel C. Torque differences according to tooth morphology and bracket placement: a finite element study. Eur J Orthod 2016 [Epub ahead of print].
Saloom HF, Papageorgiou SN, Carpenter GH, Cobourne MT. Impact of obesity on orthodontic tooth movement: a prospective cohort study. J Dent Res J Dent Res 2017;96:547-554.
Links
Publications in ZORA (Zurich Open Repository and Archive)
ZORA Publication List
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Publications
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Effect of printing orientation on mechanical properties of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 86(4):226-233.
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Changes in the distribution of occlusal forces in the course of the orthodontic retention phase: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 86(2):1-13.
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Effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Lung Function and Structure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 22(2):274-284.
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Influence of gingival margin height variation on perceived aesthetics following absent maxillary lateral incisor-canine substitution. European Journal of Orthodontics, 47(1):cjae067.
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Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 46(6):cjae054.
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Microplastics and orthodontic aligners: The concerns arising from the modernization of practice through polymers and plastics. Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists, 13(6):259-264.
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Occlusal outcome of orthodontic treatment: a systematic review with meta-analyses of randomized trials. European Journal of Orthodontics, 46(6):cjae060.
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Effect of orthodontic extraction of mandibular premolars on third molar angulation after treatment with fixed appliancesAuswirkungen der kieferorthopädischen Extraktion von Unterkieferprämolaren auf die Angulation der dritten Molaren nach Behandlung mit festsitzenden Apparaturen. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 85(6):392-403.
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Orthodontic management of uneven gingival margins in patients with healthy or reduced periodontium to improve smile aesthetics. Periodontology 2000:Epub ahead of print.
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Long‐term stability of curve of Spee depth among orthodontically treated patients: A retrospective longitudinal study. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 27(4):572-581.
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Salivary levels of eluents during Invisalign™ treatment with attachments: an in vivo investigation. Progress in Orthodontics, 25(1):22.
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Comparative assessment of two-phase class II treatment with Activator or Bionator followed by fixed appliances: A retrospective controlled before-and-after study. International Orthodontics, 22(2):100863.
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Effect of four premolar extractions on the vertical dimension of the face : A retrospective cephalometric study. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 85(3):181-188.
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Do patients with different craniofacial patterns have differences in upper airway volume? A systematic review with network meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 46(2):cjae010.
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Genetic and environmental impact on mandibular growth in mono- and dizygotic twins during adolescence: A retrospective cohort study. International Orthodontics, 22(1):100842.
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Swiss paediatric dentists’ preferences and experience on the use of articaine and other local/topical anaesthetics. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 25(1):49-56.
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An Evidence Base of Treatment Outcome for Class II Malocclusion. In: Cobourne, Martyn T. Orthodontic Management of Class II Malocclusion : An Evidence-Based Guide. Cham: Springer, 15-40.
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Effect of heat treatment and nitrogen atmosphere during post-curing on mechanical properties of 3D-printed orthodontic aligners. European Journal of Orthodontics, 46(1):cjad074.
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Vertical effects of cervical headgear in growing patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 46(1):cjad053.
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From biomimetics to smart materials and 3D technology: Applications in orthodontic bonding, debonding, and appliance design or fabrication. Japanese Dental Science Review, 59:403-411.
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Periodontal outcomes associated with impacted maxillary central incisor and canine teeth following surgical exposure and orthodontic alignment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 45(5):584-598.
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The Use of Attachments in Aligner Treatment. In: Eliades, Theodore; Katsaros, Christos. Debonding and fixed retention in orthodontics : an evidence-based clinical guide. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 185-204.
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Fracture toughness and hardness of in-office, 3D-printed ceramic brackets. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 26(3):476-480.
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Manual and mechanical stripping-induced enamel roughness and elemental composition in vivo. European Journal of Orthodontics, 45(3):250-257.
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Interventions to facilitate the successful eruption of impacted maxillary incisor teeth due to the presence of a supernumerary: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 163(5):594-608.
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Molar-incisor hypomineralisation: Knowledge and perception of Syrian undergraduate and postgraduate dental students. European Journal of Dental Education, 27(2):343-352.
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Palatal shape covariation in extraction versus nonextraction borderline patients: A geometric morphometric study. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 163(5):e127-e136.
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A questionnaire-based survey exploring attitudes to human factors within the orthodontic team. British Dental Journal:Epub ahead of print.
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Pain profile during orthodontic levelling and alignment with fixed appliances reported in randomized trials: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Clinical Oral Investigations, 27(5):1851-1868.
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Effects of chlorhexidine use on periodontal health during fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 45(1):103-114.
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Duration of canine retraction with fixed appliances: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 163(2):154-172.
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Clinical implementation of axial angulation of incisors in the course of routine fixed appliance treatment - a retrospective cohort study. Clinical Oral Investigations, 27(2):659-669.
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The Effect of Leveling the Curve of Spee on the Inclination of Mandibular Incisors: A Retrospective Cephalometric Study. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 20(1):517-524.
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New aesthetic in-house 3D-printed brackets: proof of concept and fundamental mechanical properties. Progress in Orthodontics, 23(1):6.
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Heritability of facial soft tissue growth in mono- and dizygotic twins at 12 and 17 years of age: A retrospective cohort study. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 25(4):530-540.
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Mechanical and electrochemical characterization of 3D printed orthodontic metallic appliances after in vivo ageing. Dental Materials, 38(11):1721-1727.
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Should we recommend early overjet reduction to prevent dental trauma. British Dental Journal, 233(5):387-390.
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Cytotoxicity and estrogenicity of a novel 3-dimensional printed orthodontic aligner. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 162(3):e116-e122.
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On correlation coefficients and their interpretation. Journal of Orthodontics, 49(3):359-361.
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Do we get better outcomes from early treatment of Class III discrepancies. British Dental Journal, 233(3):197-201.
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Comparative analysis of mechanical properties of orthodontic aligners produced by different contemporary 3D printers. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 25(3):336-341.
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Prolific authorship in orthodontic scientific publishing. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 25(3):416-428.
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Visualising the results of clinical trials to draw conclusions. Journal of Orthodontics, 49(2):240-243.
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The influence of thin as compared to thick peri-implant soft tissues on aesthetic outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 33 Suppl(Suppl 23):56-71.
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Effect of periodontal-orthodontic treatment of teeth with pathological tooth flaring, drifting, and elongation in patients with severe periodontitis: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 49 Suppl:102-120.
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Interproximal contact loss at implant sites: a retrospective clinical study with a 10-year follow-up. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 33(5):482-491.
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Gas1 Regulates Patterning of the Murine and Human Dentitions through Sonic Hedgehog. Journal of Dental Research, 101(4):473-482.
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Knowledge of evidence-based research methodology amongst orthodontic postgraduate residents in four universities: An international survey. International Orthodontics, 20(1):100609.
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Wearability and preference of mouthguard during sport in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Orthodontics, 44(1):101-109.
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What are the differences in protective characteristics of orthodontic mouthguards? An in vitro study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 44(1):95-100.
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In-house 3D-printed aligners: effect of in vivo ageing on mechanical properties. European Journal of Orthodontics, 44(1):51-55.
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Duration of tooth alignment with fixed appliances: A systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 161(1):20-36.
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On analysing clinical trial data using the change from baseline. Journal of Orthodontics, 48(4):451-454.
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Occlusal outcome after orthodontic treatment with preadjusted straight-wire and standard edgewise appliances : A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 82(5):321-328.
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Incisor and profile alterations in extraction cases treated with standard Edgewise and pre-adjusted appliances: A controlled before-and-after study. Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists, 10(3):105-111.
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On trial outcomes measured at baseline and after follow-up. Journal of Orthodontics, 48(3):323-325.
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Functional appliance treatment for mandibular fractures: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 48(8):945-954.
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Nasal ventilation and rapid maxillary expansion (RME): a randomized trial. European Journal of Orthodontics, 43(3):283-292.
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The upper airway volume effects produced by Hyrax, Hybrid-Hyrax, and Keles keyless expanders: a single-centre randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Orthodontics, 43(3):254-264.
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Three-year performance of a nano-filled resin-modified glass ionomer cement in class II primary molar restorations. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 22(3):425-432.
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On the relative performance of diagnostic tests. Journal of Orthodontics, 48(2):199-201.
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Genetic and environmental components of vertical growth in mono- and dizygotic twins up to 15-18 years of age. Angle Orthodontist, 91(3):384-390.
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The impact of obesity on orthodontic treatment outcome in adolescents: a prospective clinical cohort study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 43(2):165-172.
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Authors' response. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 159(4):404-406.
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Sampling, testing and interpreting a test's result. Journal of Orthodontics, 48(1):88-90.
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Stability of occlusal outcome during long-term retention: the time-dependent variation of the American Board of Orthodontics index. European Journal of Orthodontics, 43(1):1-7.
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Prudens quaestio in diagnostic studies. Journal of Orthodontics, 47(4):363-365.
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Orthopedic Treatment for Class II Malocclusion with Functional Appliances and Its Effect on Upper Airways: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(12):3806.
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Palatal rugae morphology is associated with variation in tooth number. Scientific Reports, 10:19074.
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Knowledge of Postgraduate Dental Students on Evidence-based Dentistry and Research Methodology. An International Survey. Oral Health & Preventive Dentistry, 18(1):873-879.
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Duration of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances in adolescents and adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Progress in Orthodontics, 21(1):37.
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Effect of Orthopedic Treatment for Class III Malocclusion on Upper Airways: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(9):3015.
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As time goes by. Journal of Orthodontics, 47(3):273-275.
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The use of attachments in aligner treatment: Analyzing the "innovation" of expanding the use of acid etching-mediated bonding of composites to enamel and its consequences. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 158(2):166-174.
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Treatment outcome with orthodontic aligners and fixed appliances: a systematic review with meta-analyses. European Journal of Orthodontics, 42(3):331-343.
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Alveolar ridge alterations in the maxillary anterior region after tooth extraction through orthodontic forced eruption for implant site development: a clinical CBCT study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 42(3):295-304.
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Proper case selection and assessment. Journal of Orthodontics, 47(2):185-186.
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Vertical growth in mono‐and dizygotic twins: a longitudinal cephalometric cohort study. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 23(2):192-201.
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The effects of a clinically feasible application of low-level laser therapy on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: A triple-blind, split-mouth, randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 157(4):444-453.
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Discriminant analysis: What it is and what is not. Journal of Orthodontics, 47(1):91-92.
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Post-orthodontic retention: how much do people deciding on a future orthodontic treatment know and what do they expect? A questionnaire-based survey. European Journal of Orthodontics, 42(1):86-92.
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Biological and mechanical complications of angulated abutments connected to fixed dental prostheses: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 47(1):101-111.
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What evidence exists for myofunctional therapy with prefabricated appliances? A systematic review with meta-analyses of randomised trials. Journal of Orthodontics, 46(4):297-310.
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Patient drop-outs in clinical trials. Journal of Orthodontics, 46(4):378-380.
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What effect does functional appliance treatment have on the temporomandibular joint? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Progress in Orthodontics, 20(1):32.
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Prevention of orthodontic enamel demineralization: a systematic review with meta‐analyses. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 22(4):225-235.
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Direct pulp capping versus pulpotomy with MTA for carious primary molars: a randomised clinical trial. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 20(5):431-440.
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Response to the letter. Angle Orthodontist, 89(5):831.
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Confounders in epidemiological associations. Journal of Orthodontics, 46(3):267-269.
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The influence of enamel sandblasting on the shear bond strength and fractography of the bracket-adhesive-enamel complex tested in vitro by the DIN 13990:2017-04 standard. Clinical Oral Investigations, 23(7):2975-2985.
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Clinically relevant sample size calculations for trials. Journal of Orthodontics, 46(2):178-180.
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Methods, transparency and reporting of clinical trials in orthodontics and periodontics. Journal of Orthodontics, 46(2):101-109.
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Evidence-based orthodontics: too many systematic reviews, too few trials. Journal of Orthodontics, 46(1_suppl):9-12.
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Efficacy of lateral bone augmentation prior to implant placement: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 46:287-306.
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Planning and interpreting the sample size of trials with multiple outcomes. Journal of Orthodontics, 46(1):74-76.
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Mini-implant supported canine retraction with micro-osteoperforation: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Angle Orthodontist, 89(2):183-189.
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Evaluation of orthodontically induced external root resorption following orthodontic treatment using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT): a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 41(1):67-79.
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Comparison of resin modified glass ionomer cement and composite resin in class II primary molar restorations: a 2-year parallel randomised clinical trial. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 19(6):393-401.
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Effect of orthodontic treatment on the subgingival microbiota: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research, 21(4):175-185.
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Interventions for dental fluorosis: A systematic review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 30(6):502-508.
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Facial soft tissue growth in identical twins. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 154(5):683-692.
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Frequency of infraposition and missing contact points in implant-supported restorations within natural dentitions over time: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 29 Suppl:309-325.
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Biological and technical complications of tilted implants in comparison with straight implants supporting fixed dental prostheses. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Oral Implants Research, 29 Suppl:295-308.
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On the sample size of clinical trials. Journal of Orthodontics, 45(3):210-212.
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Registration in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO) of systematic review protocols was associated with increased review quality. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 100:103-110.
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Registered trials report less beneficial treatment effects than unregistered ones: a meta-epidemiological study in orthodontics. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 100:44-52.
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Interpreting and applying absolute and relative risks from trials. Journal of Orthodontics, 45(2):135-137.
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Soft tissue changes following extraction vs. nonextraction orthodontic fixed appliance treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 126(3):167-179.
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Orthodontic bonding and debonding induces structural changes but does not alter the mechanical properties of enamel. Progress in Orthodontics, 19:12.
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Clinical Performance of Dental Implants Following Sinus Floor Augmentation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials with at Least 3 Years of Follow-up. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, 33(3):e46-e65.
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Failure patterns of different bracket systems and their influence on treatment duration: A retrospective cohort study. Angle Orthodontist, 88(3):338-347.
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Effect of orthodontic treatment on periodontal clinical attachment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 40(2):176-194.
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Effects of supplemental vibrational force on space closure, treatment duration, and occlusal outcome: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 153(4):469-480.e4.
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Oral Interventions for Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International, 115(12):200-207.
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Tooth-level versus patient-level. Journal of Orthodontics, 45(1):51-53.
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Data sharing in orthodontic research. Journal of Orthodontics, 45(1):1-3.
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Does orthodontic treatment have a permanent effect on tooth color? : A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 79(2):73-82.
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Open versus closed surgical exposure for permanent impacted canines: a systematic review and meta-analyses. European Journal of Orthodontics, 40(1):1-10.
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The effect of obesity on orofacial pain during early orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances: a prospective cohort study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 40(4):343-349.
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Handling qualitative research outcomes. Journal of Orthodontics, 44(4):307-309.
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Are orthodontic systematic reviews registered a priori in PROSPERO?. Journal of Orthodontics, 44(4):249-255.
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Torque differences due to the material variation of the orthodontic appliance: a finite element study. Progress in Orthodontics, 18(1):6.
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Orthodontic brackets. In: Eliades, Theodore; Brandtley, William. Orthodontic applications of biomaterials : a clinical guide. Woodhead: Elsevier, 75-96.
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Clinical evidence on bond failure and associated factors. In: Eliades, Theodore; Brantely, William A. Orthodontic applications of biomaterials : a clinical guide. Woodhead: Elsevier, 191-202.
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Outcomes of comprehensive fixed appliance orthodontic treatment: A systematic review with meta-analysis and methodological overview. Korean journal of orthodontics, 47(6):401-413.
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Performance of pit and fissure sealants according to tooth characteristics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dentistry, 66:8-17.
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Volumetric upper airway changes after rapid maxillary expansion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 39(5):463-473.
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Of significance and relevance. Journal of Orthodontics, 44(3):216-218.
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Treatment effects of various prescriptions and techniques for fixed orthodontic appliances : A systematic review. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 78(5):403-414.
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Torque differences according to tooth morphology and bracket placement: a finite element study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 39(4):411-418.
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On the results of clinical studies. Journal of Orthodontics, 44(2):137-138.
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Interventions for orthodontically induced white spot lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 39(2):122-133.
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Inflammatory bowel disease and oral health: systematic review and a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, 44(4):382-393.
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Clinical trials to compare two treatments. Journal of Orthodontics, 44(1):59-61.
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Reply. European Journal of Orthodontics, 39(1):107.
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Bias from historical control groups used in orthodontic research: a meta-epidemiological study. European Journal of Orthodontics, 39(1):98-105.
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Vibrationen und Kieferorthopädie. Informationen aus Orthodontie und Kieferorthopädie, 49(02):153-156.
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Myths and legends: Unraveling the complex associations between vibrational force, tooth movement and pain during initial alignment with fixed appliances. In: Kapila, Sunil D; Vig, Katherine W L; Huang, Greg J. Anecdote, Expertise and Evidence: Applying New Knowledge to Everyday Orthodontics. University of Michigan: University of Michigan * Center for Human Growth and Development, 93-119.
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Impact of obesity on orthodontic tooth movement in adolescents: a prospective clinical cohort study. Journal of Dental Research, 96(5):547-554.
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Molecular, cellular and pharmaceutical aspects of synthetic hydroxyapatite bone substitutes for oral and maxillofacial grafting. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 18(1):95-106.
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Effectiveness of early orthopaedic treatment with headgear: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 39(2):176-187.
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Effect of supplemental vibrational force on orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: A multicenter randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 150(6):918-927.
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Genetic interactions between the hedgehog co-receptors Gas1 and Boc regulate cell proliferation during murine palatogenesis. OncoTarget, 7(48):79233-79246.
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Post-treatment changes in permanent retention. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 77(6):446-453.
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Effectiveness and Adverse Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation: Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses. Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part A: Central European Neurosurgery, 78(02):180-190.
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Overview provides insights on the current status and future of meta-epidemiology. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 77:11-12.
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Corrosion behavior of dental alloys used for retention elements in prosthodontics. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 124(3):287-294.
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Effect of material variation on the biomechanical behaviour of orthodontic fixed appliances: a finite element analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 38(3):300-307.
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Lingual vs. labial fixed orthodontic appliances: systematic review and meta-analysis of treatment effects. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 124(2):105-118.
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Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances in patients with Class II malocclusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics, 38(2):113-126.
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Nickel ion concentrations in the saliva of patients treated with self-ligating fixed appliances: a prospective cohort study. Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie, 77(2):85-93.
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Designing the review. In: Biondi-Zoccai, Giuseppe. Umbrella Reviews : Evidence Synthesis with Overviews of Reviews and Meta-Epidemiologic Studies. Cham: Springer International Publishing, online.
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Reply to: "Treatment effects of fixed functional appliances in patients with Class II malocclusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis". European Journal of Orthodontics, 38(3):338.
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Torque efficiency of square and rectangular archwires into 0.018 and 0.022 in. conventional brackets. Progress in Orthodontics, 17:5.